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MODULE 7 OF 8 · 70 MIN

Basic Business & Law Principles for Contractors

Learning objectives

  • Compare business structures (sole prop, LLC, corp) and their liability/tax effects.
  • Explain insurance, bonding, and workers' comp basics for a contractor.
  • Cover recordkeeping, taxes, employment basics, and an intro to mechanic's liens.

Lesson

The business behind the trade

Most contractors fail commercially, not technically — and Virginia knows it, which is exactly why basic business and law is folded into the pre-license requirement rather than left for you to learn from your first collapse. Walk any year's list of contractor failures and the pattern repeats: the craftsmanship was fine; what failed was an entity that exposed the owner's house to a job gone wrong, an uninsured injury that landed personally, a payroll classification that detonated at audit, a receivable that died because a lien deadline passed unnoticed, a job file too thin to win the dispute it was dragged into. Every one of those is preventable with systems that cost less than the failure — usually far less. That is this module's argument, made six ways: the entity, the insurance, the payroll, the payment law, the records, and the habit that ties them together. It is the longest module in the course and it earns the time, because unlike the regulatory modules — where the Commonwealth enforces the rules on you — this is the module where the rules mostly protect you, if you know them early enough to use them. Read it with your own business in mind: for each section, the question is not 'what does the law say' but 'is my company set up this way today — and if not, what does it cost me to fix it this month versus discover it next year?'

Choosing an entity

Your entity is the container everything else sits in, so choose it deliberately. A sole proprietorship is the default you fall into by simply starting work: simple, cheap, and it exposes everything you own — the business's debts and judgments are personally yours, ending with your house. A partnership doubles the problem: you add your partners' business liabilities to your own. Corporations and LLCs interpose a liability shield between business obligations and personal assets, at the cost of formalities and filings — and most small contractors land on the LLC as the balance of protection and simplicity. But hear the caveat as loudly as the recommendation: the shield only holds if you respect it. That means a separate business bank account that never pays personal bills; contracts signed in the entity's exact legal name, not your own; invoices, insurance, and licenses all held by the entity; and no commingling — the moment your LLC's money and your money become indistinguishable, a court can be asked to treat the shield as the fiction you made it. Run the mental test quarterly: if a stranger audited your accounts, could they tell where the company ends and you begin? Remember, too, what Module 2 established: the Board licenses the entity with its people-in-roles, so changing your entity — sole prop to LLC, adding a partner, restructuring — is a license event with reporting duties, not just a tax filing. And because entity selection has tax consequences that genuinely vary by situation — pass-through treatment, self-employment tax, payroll obligations — spend an hour with an accountant before you file anything. It is the highest-leverage hour in this module.

Insurance and workers' compensation

Liability insurance protects the balance sheet — it is the difference between a jobsite accident being a claim and being the end of the company — and your customers, lenders, and general contractors will demand certificates of it anyway. Carry it, size it to your work, and keep the certificates in the license file from Module 3. Workers' compensation is different in kind: in Virginia it is a legal trigger you must track, not a judgment call. Businesses that regularly employ more than two workers are required to carry it. Count everyone who regularly works in the business — and count honestly, because this is where contractors talk themselves into the most expensive labels in construction. Calling your regular crew 'independent contractors' does not make them so. The IRS and Virginia apply employee-status tests to the reality of the relationship: who controls how the work is done, whose tools are used, whose schedule governs, who bears profit-and-loss risk. A crew that shows up to your jobs on your schedule with your tools under your direction is your workforce, whatever the 1099 says. Get the classification wrong and the bill arrives from every direction at once: reclassification with back taxes and penalties, and — the one that ends companies — an uninsured injury by a 'subcontractor' who was legally your employee, landing on you personally. Run the honest test on your own operation this week: if they work like employees, insure and pay them like employees. The premium is real money; the alternative is a different order of magnitude. And when you do engage true independent subcontractors, keep the relationship looking like what it claims to be — their contracts, their insurance certificates, their invoices — so the paper matches the reality.

Blocky illustration: personal protective equipment — hard hat, safety vest, gloves and boots — beside a workers' compensation shield.
PPE and workers' compensation go together — insure and equip the crew you actually have. GC Prep original illustration · © MasonByte LLC — original work, all rights reserved

Authority: Va. workers' compensation law

Getting paid — payment law and the mechanic's lien

Virginia gives contractors real collection tools with strict clocks, and the contractors who get paid are the ones who know both halves. Downstream first — money flowing through you: under the Prompt Payment framework, a general contractor who has been paid must pay subcontractors within 7 days of receiving payment for their work. When you are the GC, that is a duty with legal consequences, not a cash-flow preference; when you are the sub, it is a right worth knowing by name when the check is slow. Upstream — money owed to you: the mechanic's lien is the strongest collection tool in your kit, because it attaches your unpaid bill to the property itself. Any contractor, subcontractor, or materialman who furnishes labor or materials improving property may lien it. The mechanics are exact and unforgiving: the memorandum must be recorded within 90 days after your last day of work, in the circuit court clerk's office where the property sits, and a suit to enforce the lien must follow within the statutory window — generally six months from recording. Miss either date and the remedy is simply gone; no sympathy, no extension, no exception for being busy. So run the dates like the deep dive below shows: the day an invoice goes seriously unpaid, calendar both deadlines. Virginia does not require a pre-filing notice of intent — but sending one anyway, politely, often gets you paid without recording anything: property owners take mail with the word 'lien' in it seriously. Finally, know the lien waiver as well as the lien: it is the document by which you surrender lien rights, usually upon payment, and it arrives at every draw. Read what you sign, every time, and match the waiver to the money — a partial waiver for a partial payment. A full waiver signed for a 40% draw forfeits the rights this entire section exists to protect, and it is the most common self-inflicted wound in Virginia payment law.

Authority: Va. mechanic's lien law · Prompt Payment

Records, cash, and the paper that runs the job

Module 3 told you the Board runs on paperwork; so does solvency, and the same file serves both masters. Keep every job's record complete — the contract, every change order, correspondence, dated photos, invoices, and lien waivers — because disputes are won on documents, complaints are answered from documents (Module 5 showed you the two contractors), and your license and tax obligations both point at the same drawer. The file costs minutes per week to maintain and is worth the company in the month you need it. Cash deserves equal discipline, and a different kind: construction kills profitable companies through timing. You fund labor and materials for weeks before draws arrive, and a company can die of thirst with a year of profitable work on the books. Watch cash, not just profit: price your overhead honestly into every bid rather than hoping volume covers it; invoice promptly and completely the moment a milestone is reached; chase receivables on a schedule — a standing weekly review, not an angry quarterly one — and remember from this module's payment section that your best collection tools expire on 90-day and six-month clocks. And never let one customer's deposit quietly finance another customer's job. Module 4 told you where that road ends — in the disciplinary pattern the Board sees over and over — but notice that the cash discipline and the conduct rule are the same rule seen from two sides: money applied to the project it came from is simultaneously what the standards demand and what keeps your books telling you the truth. A contractor whose ledger answers 'whose money paid for this?' on every line has satisfied the Board, the accountant, and the bank in one motion.

The professional habit

Everything in this module compounds, and it compounds in order. The right entity holds the right insurance; the insurance protects properly classified employees; the employees work under written contracts with the required disclosures; the contracts feed complete job files; the files support prompt, accurate invoices; and when an invoice goes unpaid anyway, the file and the calendar together make the lien deadline and the enforcement window matters of routine rather than crisis. Skip one link and the chain fails at its weakest point — usually at the worst time. None of this is exotic. It is the same discipline you already apply to layout and load paths, pointed at the office: measure before you cut, verify before you trust, document as you go. The contractors still building in year twenty are rarely the most gifted craftspeople of their cohort; they are the ones who treated the business with jobsite seriousness — who did the boring systems work in year one, when it was cheap, instead of paying for its absence in year five, when it was not. As you head into Module 8's review and final, carry this module's checklist as the business half of your professional identity: entity respected, coverage current, crew classified honestly, contracts written, money tracked by project, deadlines calendared, files complete. Virginia requires you to know it to be licensed. Your company requires you to live it to last.

Optional deep dive — lien-clock math, three calendars OPTIONAL

Run the mechanic's-lien deadlines against three calendars, because the clock defeats more liens than the courts do. Calendar one: last day of work June 10, final invoice ignored. Ninety days from June 10 runs to September 8 — the memorandum must be recorded by then, in the circuit court clerk's office where the property sits, and a suit to enforce must generally follow within six months of the recording date. Mark both dates the day the invoice goes unpaid, not the day you lose patience. Calendar two: the trap. You substantially finish in June, but return October 2 for a couple of hours of touch-up. Which day starts the 90? Counting from the June completion is the conservative answer that cannot burn you; treating a courtesy punch-list visit as restarting the clock is the argument contractors lose. When real money rides on the answer, record early rather than litigate the calendar. Calendar three: the one that usually pays without recording anything — Virginia requires no pre-filing notice of intent, but sending one anyway, politely, two weeks before the deadline, converts a surprising number of silent owners into paying ones. And at every draw along the way, match the waiver to the payment: partial waiver, partial payment — a full waiver signed early forfeits the very rights these calendars protect.

Blocky illustration: a wall calendar with one date flagged gold and labeled day 90, next to a small clock — the lien deadlines run whether or not anyone watches them.
Mark the 90-day date the day the invoice goes unpaid — the clock defeats more liens than the courts do. GC Prep original illustration · © MasonByte LLC — original work, all rights reserved

Authority: Va. Code Title 43, Ch. 1

Authority & state references

Official text opens on the Virginia Law Portal (law.lis.virginia.gov).

REINFORCE IT — COUNTS TOWARD YOUR 6 HOURS

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